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c3T4l«T8rREtT 
NEW YOUK CITY 



The 

JUGOSLAVS 



the 



United States 



of 



America 



Published by the 

Jugoslav Section of America's Making, Inc. 

New York City 

1921 









PRINTED BiT 

The Interkational Press, 150 Lafayette St., New York 



America s Making 

JUGOSLAV SECTION 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

John J. Gkgurevich, Chairman 

Rainer F. Hlacha, Vice -Chairman 

Dr. a. H. Mookey, Vice-Chairman 

Prof. Dr. M. S. Stanoyevic, Vice-Chainnan 

Ivan INIladineo, Secretary 

D. B. Tripcevich, Treasurer, and 

Chairmen of the followino: committees : 



Exhibit and, Art Committee 
Leo Zakra.jskk, (l\airman 

Members : 
Mrs. Helen P. Arguello 
Mrs. RuziCA Jobst 
Stjepan Jobst 
Frank Primozic 

Festival Committee 
Ignac Hude, Chairman 

Members : 
Miss Mimi Dercar 
Mrs. Anna Mladineo 
Miss Ursula Zakrajsek 
Emilij Blazevich 
John Koncan 
J. Cvetkovich 
B. B. Rados 
V. Ujcich 
HiNKO M. Sgiuppa-Zupa 



Finance Committee 
AuTUR NiKOLORic, Chairman 

Members : 
Frank Lupsha 
Ljuba Salevich 
Leopold Sorger 

Publicity Committee 
Dr. Jozo Poduje, Chairman 
Members : 

Rainer F. Hlacha 

Ivan Mladineo 

Dr. ]\I. S. Stanoyevic 



THE JUGOSLAVS 

Bj Dr. M. S. Stanoyevich 
Columbia University/ 

THE Jugoslavs, or as they call themselves Jugosloveni (the 
South-Slavs), form a special national individuality be- 
longing to the great family of Slavonic nations. Ethno- 
graphically they are nearest to the Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, 
Czechoslovaks and Bulgarians, both by religion and by racial 
characteristics. Before the end of the fifth century they lived 
on the northern slopes of the Carpathians, but since the sixth 
century of the Christian era they have migrated to the south 
and west, settling down in the depopulated territory of the 
Balkan Peninsula. Since then they have steadily occupied the 
provinces which are now known as Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, 
and which form the State of Jugoslavia. 

When the Jugoslavs came to the Balkans, some of them 
settled in the west and gradually passed under the Roman 
sway, while the others who came into contact Avith the Byzan- 
tines acknowledged the supremacy of their emperors. The for- 
mation of the first Jugoslav state began in the seventh century 
by the Slovenes who lived in Carinthia, Carniola, Styria, Gorica 
and Gradiska. But this state did not last longer than one 
hundred years, as Charlemagne wrenched it apart and annexed 
it to his empire in 778. However, the destruction of the 
Slovene state did not mean the destruction of all the Jugoslav 
race. In the ninth century the Croats and Serbs formed their 
own states, the former on the Adriatic littoral, and the latter 
in the upper Drina region. The Croatian kingdom of Tomislav 
and Zvonimir which existed throughout the whole of the ninth 
and tenth centuries, was at last annihilated by the Hungarians 

5 



in 1120. The Serbian state continued its struggle for existence 
contending fiercely first with Bulgaria, which was then a power- 
ful empire, and then with the empire of Byzantium (in 1018). 
Towards the end of the 12th century the Grand Zupan 
(Prince) Stefan Nemanja united the two Jugoslav pirncipali- 
ties, Raska and Zeta, under his sceptre, freed himself entirely 
from B^^zantium, and founded a powerful Serbian state. This 
state was a well organized political body and exercised a most 
beneficial influence upon the people for more than two hundred 
years. Numerous monasteries were built during that time, 
which became the chief centres of science, art and literature, 
under the patronage of the kings themselves. New laws and 
canons were framed. The celebrated Code of Dusan Neman j- 
ic (1349) was based on the ancient judicial and common law 
of the Jugoslavs. Trade flourished exceedingly, owing to com- 
mercial relations with the first independent Jugoslav Republic of 
Dubrovnik (Ragusa), and through Ragusa with the West. 
The exploitation of the large number of gold, silver, and copper 
mines, contributed to the general wealth and culture of the 
country. The reign of Emperor DuSan (1331-1355), is 
verily the apotheosis of the Jugoslav race. It represents its 
most glorious page of national history. 

Towards the end of the 14th century the Turks appeared 
in Europe, and arrested the course of Jugoslav national life- 
All that had been achieved during two centuries, at the 
cost of so much blood and sacrifice, crumbled away, almost over- 
night. The Turkish invasion was an unavoidable calamity. It 
was something terrific, and irresistible like the floods that break 
down ever}^ dike and barrier, and against which all cff'orts prove 
unavailing. The Turks did not merely conquer ancient Jugo- 
slavia ; they conquered Bulgaria, Greece, Rumania, Hungary, 
and even menaced Austria, Venice, and Poland. The Jugo- 
slavs now served Europe as a rampart and bulwark in her need ; 
they sacrificed themselves for her, and gloriously fulfilled the 
duty imposed upon them by the moment, proving themselves 
truly the propugn-acuhim. rejviVicac cliristnnnc, antemurnlc 
Clinstianitath. 



The Turkish domination lasted about four hundred years. 
The beginning of the 19th century brought dehverance and 
national awakening to the Jugoslav nation. What had seemed 
dead under the long and oppressive foreign domination sudden- 
ly revived, and the work of emancipation began to gain ground. 
Serbia was the first to set herself free and form a state. But 
at what painful cost! No American can form any idea of the 
obstacles and difficulties that beset a political emancipation in 
those days. Who realizes today what it costs a nation in blood 
and effort to free itself from a foreign yoke? And then, when 
the victory is gained, what endless further efforts are needed 
to obtain even the smallest amount of sanction for their achieve- 
ment from the high tribunal of world diplomacy.? The Serbian 
liberation was both painful and difficult, it began in 1804 and 
ended after one hundred and fourteen years. 

Character and Custojns of the People. 
The character of the South Slavonic nation supplies the key 
to many mysteries in the modern Jugoslav state. Living in 
the midst of many conflicting forces, the Jugoslavs present the 
interesting spectacle of a brave, hardy, obedient and simple 
people. They are mostly of dark complexion, possessing 
considerable powers of endurance. Their brown eyes are 
indicative, now of some intense grief, now of some great 
joy. They are sensitive and emotional, but by way of 
compensation they have a certain resiliency which saves them 
from permanent depression or continued exultation. They have 
a fertile imagination, and their power of observation of all 
natural phenomena is strongly developed. It is to their poetical 
disposition and their personal valor that they owe the spread of 
the knowledge of their name throughout the world. 

The home life of the Jugoslavs is very simple, but in some 
ways it is ideal. Their hospitality has long been famed. The 
Greek Emperor Mauritius said of them that they were atten- 
tive to foreigners, whom they conducted through their territory. 
The Serbian King Stefan Neman j a treated Frederick Barbaros- 
sa and the Crusaders with such munificent and frank hospitaHtv 

7 



at Nis that the German historians spoke of it with great praise. 
DuSan's Code (see above), contains a special paragraph con- 
cerning hospitahty ; it runs : "Wlhoever refuses to admit a mer- 
chant for the night will be punished in proportion to the harm 
that has thereby resulted to the said merchant." During the 
Middle Ages the Jugoslavs considered as semi-believers the 
Franks, Germans, Hungarians and Armenians, and yet they 
were legally protected and enjoyed numerous privileges within 
the Jugoslav boundaries. But the law counselled them not to 
marry Jugoslav Avomen as the Serbians disapproved of it. 
Woman is highly respected and protected everywhere in Jugo- 
slavia, as she is considerably more burdened with work than the 
man. The woman is the first to rise in the morning, and the 
last to retire at night. During the day she has no time to rest, 
doing the entire housework, and also a certain portion of purely 
man's work. 

During the long winter nights the girls and young married 
v/omen often assemble at some house to spin, either for their 
hostess or themselves. In the former case they are served with 
food and drink, otherwise not, but they may bring something 
with them. Such an assembling is called preJo (spinning-bee), 
and it is sometimes attended by young men, who help to make 
the time pass gaily. In Croatia and Slavonia they bring their 
banjos or tamburas and play. At fairs or on feast days when 
the village folk assemble outside the monasteries and churches, 
various games, like stone or dart-throwing, wrestling, leaping, 
etc., are indulged in. During the "White Week" (Carnival) 
hardly any work is done, and every evening there are meetings 
and dances at the various houses. The best known and most 
popular dance is the kolo (round dance). Men and women take 
hands, forming a circle or semi-circle, and dance to the music 
of the flute, bagpipe, or fiddle. Another musical instrument 
often used in Jugoslavia is the gusle (violin with a single cord). 
Peasants and shepherds all play the gusle, but they do not 
know as many airs to sing to its accompaniment as do the real 
guslars. The chanting of the national songs is essential, not on 

8 



account of the melody, but for the subject, which is liistorical, 
dealing with heroic victories. 

Industry and Trade. 

Jugoslavia is a very young country, not only in name but 
from the economic point of view. Its productive activity has 
not been developed to any great degree. The principal 
industry from the oldest times has been agriculture. The 
other occupations in the eyes of the people have comparatively 
little importance. About 83 per cent, of the total population 
cultivate the soil and produce raw materials ; 7 per cent, follow 
industrial pursuits, 4 per cent, trade, and 6 per cent, are in 
state civil service. 

The most important cereals cultivated in Jugoslavia are: 
maize, wheat, barley, rye and oats. Maize succeeds very well 
throughout the whole country ; it is the principal food and 
constitutes almost the sole nourishment of three-quarters of the 
population. Large quantities of maize are also used for the 
feeding of cattle, especially for the fattening of pigs, and a 
considerable portion is exported abroad. The cultivation of 
w^heat comes next in importance to that of maize. This grain 
is chiefly sown in the fertile plains, and is usually given OA'er 
for consumption in the town ; a large proportion is also ex- 
ported, chiefly the variety known as "red wheat" which is of a 
special quality. Barley, rye and oats are wndely cultivated in 
the mountainous regions and used for feeding cattle or for 
export. 

The raising of cattle is also one of the most important 
branches of national production ; cattle form the principal 
export (50 per cent, of total exports). The meat of 
Jugoslav cattle is much appreciated abroad for its excellent 
quality, which comes from the fact that the cattle live in the 
open air, feed in natural pastures, drink pure water in rivers 
and brooks, and are thus protected from any disease. The 
raising of horned cattle and pigs is conducted on the largest 
scale and has contributed the proverbial phrase "pig wars" 
once only known in Serbia and' Austria now after the war 
familiar to all Europe. 

.9 



Of the domestic Industries, flour milling is one of the 
greatest importance especially in Backa. There are 50 large 
flour mills in the country. Brewing and distilling are ex- 
tensively carried on, as are also weaving, tanning, boat-making, 
jjottery, and iron-working. Carpet-weaving is one of the oldest 
industries in Serbia, while Slovenia and Croatia are famous for 
their embroideries. Carpets are principall}' produced at 
Pirot, and they are named after that place (Pirotski cilimi). 
These cilims are made of pure wool, dyed with natural colors 
by local dyers, who pride themselves that the process of dye- 
ing and color mixing is a mysterious secret transmitted by 
father to son and is known only to the inhabitants of the 
city of Pirot. 

The connnerce of Jugoslavia is dependent upon natural 
and social conditions of the country. Among such con- 
ditions are the geographical position, area, capital, labor, 
education, and administration. Jugoslavia possesses an area of 
95,628 square miles and a population of 12,000,000. Of these 
11,400,000 are in Jugoslavia proper and about 600,000 in 
Jugoslavia Irredenta (under Italian rule). According to 
official reports, the imports to the country in 1920 amoinited to 
3,000,000,000 dinars, and exports to 1,000,000,000 dinars. 
The principal imports are textiles, agricultural products, chemi- 
cals, leathers, metals, and machinery. Exports : maize, wheat 
and oats, cattle, pigs and other animals, fruits, timber and 
timber goods. The trade is mainly with Italy, France, England, 
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Greece, Bulgaria, and un- 
fortunately very little with the United States of America. 

Literature and Art. 

Jugoslav literature began with the years in which the 
Southern Slavs adopted the translation of the Bible in their 
own language. That translation was made in the ninth century 
by two brothers, Cyril and Methodius, the "Slavonic Apostles" 
who came from Salonica as missionaries, and travelled all over 
the Jugoslav lands. The best and the most celebrated author 
at the very beginning of tlie ancient period was St, Sava (1164- 

10 



1236), who wrote books concerning the church discipline and 
regulations. His most famous work was Life of St. Simeon, 
viz. the biography of his own father, Stefan Nemanja, the first 
sovereign of the united Serbian state in the Middle Ages. Out- 
side of the biographical and historical works there are hardly 
any original creations. But there are many translations and 
imitations of Byzantine literary works. For instance, there was 
a very much read book The Story of Alexander the Great, also 
a Story of the Trojan War, and many half-religious and half- 
romantic legends. The most popular of the romances of that 
early time was the story of Vladimir and Kosara, one of the 
oldest novels in Europe. 

With the invention of the printing press and the spread 
of the Renaissance, Jugoslav literature received a new 
impetus in form and spirit. Fifty years after Gutenberg's in- 
vention the Jugoslavs already had their books printed. The first 
Serbian printed book, Octoechos, was issued in 1494 at Obod 
(Montenegro). A copy of this rare book is still to be seen 
in the British Museum. One of the first Croatian printed books 
is Judith of Marko Marulic, published at Venice in 1521. 
During the first half of the 16th century the Serbians had 
several printing presses in different places in their country, 
namely, at Belgrade, Skadar, Gorazde, and MileSeva. But 
in the second half of that century these institutions ceased 
to exist, as the Turkish rule fell like a terrible nightmare over 
the Serbian nation. From the 15th to the 18th century the 
only Jugoslav country free of the Turks was Dalmatia. The 
centre of her literary activity was the Republic of Dubrovnik 
(Ragusa). The people of the Dalmatian towns in the 
times of Renaissance were inspired with the notions and ideas 
of Western European civilization. The most prominent 
authors who made efforts to write in the language which the 
people spoke, were Sisko INIenCetic (1475-1527), Mavro Vetranic 
(1482-1576), Marin Drzic (1518-1567), Ivan Gundulic (1588- 
1638), Junije Palmotic (1606-1657), and Ignjat Gjorgjic 
(1675-1737). 

II 



The new period of Jugoslav literature dates c-jci the 
liberation of Serbia from the Turkish domination, i.e. from 
the beginning of the 19th century. Dositije Obradovic (1739- 
1811), Valentin Vodnik (1758-1819), Jernej Kopitar (1780- 
1844), Vuk Karadzic (1787-1864), Urban Jarnik (1784- 
1844) Petar Petrovic Njegos (1813-1851), France Presern 
(1800-1849), Ljudevit Gaj (1809-1872), Stanko Vraz (1810- 
1851), Branko Radicevic (1824-1853), and Jovan Popovic 
Sterija (1806-1865), are great figures in the national life of 
the Jugoslav people. Thanks to the efforts of these moralist.^, 
poets, reformers, and men of letters, the idea of Jugoslav unity 
was widely disseminated among the people. Religious intoler- 
ance between the Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants, had lost 
much of its force. A^uk Karadzic collected ten volumes of 
national songs, Avhich are regarded as chef d'oeuvres not only 
in Jugoslav but in all Slavonic literature. 

In the second half of the 19th century Jugoslav letters 
made great progress. The men who revolutionized literature 
and created new schools are Ivan Mazuranic (1814-1890), Petar 
Preradovic (1817-1872), Jovan Jovanovi Zmaj (1833-1904), 
Gjura Jasksic (1832-1878), Ivan Kukuljevik (1816-1889), 
Vojislav Ilic (1862-1894), Ivan Trnski (1819-1910), Silvije 
Kranjcevic (1865-1908), Jakov Ignjatovic (1824-1880), 
Janko Veselinovic (1865-1905), Sima Matavulj (1852-1908), 
Stevan Sremac (1855-1906), Avgust Senoa (1838-1881 ), Josip 
Kozarac (1858-1906), Ljuba Nenadovic (1826-1895), Janko 
Krsnik (1852-1897), and Jovan Skerlic (1878-1914). The 
writings of these men give true pictures of life, rich in humor 
and emotion. They wrote excellent studies of Jugoslav sur- 
roundings, criticism, and powerful character sketches. . The 
younger generation is represented by Gjalski, Ducic, Tucic 
Rakic, Santic, Stankovic, Ilic, Nazor, Vidric, Katalinic As- 
kerc, Corovic, Cankar, Govekar, Nusic, Vojnovic, Begovic, 
Ogrizovic and Pandurovic. There are touches of Zola, Poe 
and Maeterlinck in some of these talented authors, and they 
certainly deserve to be better known abroad. 

12 



In the field of Jugoslav art the most distinguished names 
are Stevan Todorovic, Uros Predic, George Krstic, Pavle 
Jovanovic, Marko Murat, and Rista Vukanovic. All these 
artists are noted for their deep and warm coloring in land- 
scape and historical paintings. The wholesome influence of 
the contact with other countries of Europe is manifested in the 
work of great painters such as Bukovac, Medovic, Kovacevic, 
Vidovic, Racki, Ivckovic, Crncic, Subic, Grohar, Vesel, Jakopic, 
and Jama. It would be wrong to endeavor to classify these 
modern artists into schools. It is true that some of them in 
different stages of their development, are subject to the in- 
fluences of the divers conflicting currents flowing through 
European art, but they discriminately assimilate only the best 
constituents, winnowing away all that is artificial, insincere 
and hysterical. 

Sculpture in Jugoslavia is principally used in connection 
with public works and buildings. It has produced worthy 
smaller and larger reliefs, busts, and monuments in honor of 
men winning fame in war or in the domains of science, 
art and literature. Among the most successful sculptors are 
Ubavkic, whose various marble and bronze works can be seen 
in public and private collections. George Jovanovic and Siraa 
Roksandic executed several large bronze monuments dedicated 
to the Jugoslav heroes. Ivan Mestrovic, unrivalled in his art, 
is known beyond the borders of his country. His sculptures 
exhibited in London, Rome and Paris besides other European 
cities, aroused the wonder and delight of countless visitors, both 
artists and the general public. The younger sculptors and 
architects who show their ardor and faith in the great mission 
of Jugoslav art are Franges, Rendic, Zajc, Bemekar, Valdec, 
Plccnik and Kovacic. 

The other branches of art: music, singing and dancing 
are likewise cultivated with success in Jugoslavia. They find' 
good models in the past for artistic creations, according to the 
direction and sense of modem thought and feeling. For the 
Jugoslav nation will remain true to the tendency displayed in 
European art — to be a devoted and earnest participator in the 
universal labor for the progress of humanity. 

13 



THE JUGOSLAVS IN AMERICA. 



HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF THE JUGOSLAV 
IMMIGRATION'' 

Jugoslav immigration to the United States up to 1880 
was sporadic rather than steady. Since that time, however, 
it has become continuous and numerous, especially since 1902. 
Among the earliest Jugoslav immigrants in America were 
seamen and missionaries. 

It is hard to say when Jugoslavs first came to America : 
it was certainly early. Several Dalmatians arrived in 1700 
by the way of India. The town of Croatan, in the state of 
North Carolina, was founded about 1800, by ship-wrecked 
sailors from Croatia who established a little colony. The 
descendants of these sailors are, of course, totally Ameri- 
canized, but the name of the town recalls the race of the 
original settlers. 

As early as the seventeenth century Jugoslav missionaries 
appeared on American soil. Perhaps the first among them 
was the Croatian Jesuit Baron Ivan Rataj, who died in New 
Mexico in 1680 after devoting many years in that state to 
missionary work. He was followed by many other mis- 
sionaries, the most prominent of whom was Ferdinand KonSak, 
who came to INIexico in 1730. Two years later he was ex- 
ploring in Southern California. He published the first map 
of California and may be considered as one of the first 
pioneers on the Pacific Coast. To American students he is 
better known as "Gonzales," the Spanish adaptation of his 
name. Another prominent missionary and pioneer was Josip 
Kundek, who arrived in 1838 and founded Ferdinand, Jasper, 
and certain other towns in the State of Indiana. 



* The statistical and historical data hereinafter referred to have been 
obtained through the courtesy of the Foreign Language Information 
Service. 

14 



It is worthy of note that the work of these missionaries 
in America was supported by collections made in the churches 
of Jugoslavia. According to the records kept in the archives 
of the provincial government Croatia alone sent for the sup- 
port of churches and schools 57,400 Florins during ISSO-IO. 
This sum in those days represented an iiumensely liiglier 
value than to-day. 

In large numbers, Dalmatians began to appear in ("aH- 
fornia in search of gold after 1849. INIany of them, Hke 
tlie Vikings of old, left their native coast in small sailing- 
boats and, crossing the ocean and passing the Straits of 
Magellan, arrived in California. California, ever since, has 
had a special attraction for the Dalmatian. This is not 
strange for climatically and geographically that coast re- 
minds these people strongly of their native land. 

So far as is known the first Slovene to come to America 
was a Catholic missionary and Saint — Bishop Baraga wlio 
devoted himself to the spread of civilization and religion in 
the Northwest. Bishop Baraga's work among the Indians 
is an interesting chapter of American history. 

Frederick Baraga was born in 1797 in his father's castle 
near the city of Ljubljana. After studying law at the 
University of Vienna, he entered the priesthood. In 1831, 
he fulfilled his long-cherished desire for missionary work among 
the Indians of the American Northwest and came to Amer- 
ica. In 1853 he was elevated to the bishopric for the newly 
created See, which then comprised not only the upper penin- 
sula of Michigan but a great part of lower Michigan, 
northern Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota and part of Ontario. 
He died in 1868 at the age of seventy. His memory lives 
in the name of the Baraga County, Michigan. 

Bishop Baraga was also distinguished in literature. He 
published a grammar and dictionary of the IfXnguage spoken 
by the Chippewa Indians. In the same language he issued 
translations of the Bible for his flock of converted Indians 
and a book of prayers was compiled by him in the Ottawa 
language. 

15 



The splendid achievements of Bishop Baraga called for 
more workers of the same type and the Slovenians have 
given five Bishops to American dioceses. 

Early Slovenian innnigrants settled in Minnesota as home- 
steaders. There they founded a town, Kraintown, about 
fifty years ago, named after their original province Krain 
(Carniola). The second generation of farmers lives there now, 
very prosperous and good Americans. The Slovenes first 
appeared in Chicago and in Iowa in 1863 ajid, in 1866, they 
fovmdcd their chief fanning colony in Brockway, INIinnesota. 
They came to Omaha in 1868. About 187'3 their present 
large colony in Joliet was founded. They began to settle 
in New York about 1878. 

It was, however, not until the '90s of the last century 
that the Jugoslavs began to immigrate in large numbers. 
Serbia proper had comparatively no emigration. Macedonia 
and IMontenegro contributed but slightly ; the bulk of Jugo- 
slavs in the United States — Serbs, Croats and Slovenes — are 
from provinces formerly belonging to Austria-Hungary. 

yWMBER OF JUGOSLAVS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION 

TROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 

Census figures as to the Jugoslavs arc very niisleaditi'' 
as the census of the foreign born takes into account simplv 
the country of nativity. The Jugoslavs in America, nearly 
all coming from provinces of former Austria-Hvuigary, were 
classified as Austro-Hungarians. 

Even the subsidiary statistics based on mother-tongues 
do not offer any reliable source of information. This is 
evident from the fact that these statistics show more Slovenes 
than Croats in America while there are actually about twice as 
many Croats as Slovenes. 

An approximate estimate of the Jugoslavs in the TTnited 
States may be derived from the available statistics of immi- 
gration, and furthermore, from the data of Jugoslav organi- 
zations which have branches in every city or settlement where 
there is a group of Jugoslavs. 

i6 



The following data, representing a conservative estimate 

of the Jugoslavs throughout the United States, have been 

compiled by the Jugoslav Section of the Foreign Language 

Information Service on the basis of reports from the entire 

countrv. The total number of Jugoslavs in the United States, 

according this estimate is (335,000. The proportion between 

Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is about the following: 

Croats 350,000 

Slovenes 195,000 

Serbs 90,000 

Distribution according to States: 
..... 500 Nebraska 



Alabama ....... 

Alaska 1,500 

Arizona 3,500 

Arkansas 500 

California ^/ 1^,000 



Colorado . 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Dis. of Columbia . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Towa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 



16,000 

1,800 

25 

25 

100 

50 

2,200 

110,000 

16,000 

7,200 

12,000 

500 

2,000 

100 

600 

500 

27,000 

35,000 

500 

11,000 

14,000 



Nevada 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey . . . 
New Mexico . . 
New York .... 
North Carolina 
North Dakota . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma .... 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode Island . . 
South Carolina 
South Dakota 
Tennessee .... 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington . . 
West Virgin!,') . . 
Wisconsin . . . . , 
Wvoniinp' 



3,100 

1,500 

50 

2,900 

3,400 

19,000 

25 

450 

70,000 

300 

5,600 

145,000 

25 

50 

2,050 

300 

2,200 

3,800 

50 

100 

14,000 

9,000 

22.000 

6,500 



Total 



635,000 



17 



Main Settlements. 

The following brief summary gives the main groupings 
of Jugoslavs throughout the United States, omitting smaller 
and scattered settlements : 

1. New York City and Hoboken (14,000). 

2. Buffalo and surroundings. 

3. The hard coal district of Eastern Pennsylvania and 

adjacent parts of New York State. 

4. Western Pennsylvania, especially in the steel and coal 

districts of Johnstown and Pittsburgh, with adjacent 
parts of West Virginia (Wheeling) and Ohio 
(Youngstown). Pittsburgh with Alleghany County 
(70,000) represents the largest grouping of Jugo- 
slavs. In the city of Pittsburgh is the most im- 
portant Serb colony and one of the two most 
important centers of Croats, the other one being 
Chicago. 

5. The coal mines and lumber camps of West Virginia. 

6. Cleveland and surroundings (50,000) and Akron, O. 

Cleveland is the most important Slovene colony in 
the United States. 

7. Detroit (6,000). 

8. The copper mining district of Northern Michigan. 

9. The Chicago industrial districts including Joliet, La- 

Salle, and adjacent parts of Indiana (Gary). 
Next to the coal and steel district of Pittsburgh, 
Pa., this is the largest grouping of Jugoslavs. 
Chicago itself, with approximately 45,000 Jugo- 
slavs is a very important center of Jugoslavs in 
America. 

10. Milwaukee and surrounding territory up to Sheyboygan, 

Wis. 

11. The iron ore district of Northern Minnesota (St. Louis 

county). 

12. Kansas City and the coal basin of Pittsburgh, Kansas. 
13^. Denver, Pueblo, and Lcadville, Colo., and the Colorado 

mine districts. 

i8 



14. The mining districts of Wyoming (Rock Springs), Mon- 

tana (Butte, Helena) and Salt Lake City, Utah. 

15. Seattle, Wash. 

16. Portland, Ore. 

17. San Francisco, Cal., with Oakland (17,000) ; Fresno, 

Sacramento, Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Clara, 
etc., and the whole coast of California. 

18. The copper mine district of Arizona (Bisbee, Globe). 

19. Galveston, Tex. 

20. New Orleans, La., and the Mississippi Delta. 

21. Juneau, Alaska. 

Industrial Distfibution 

The geographical distribution of Jugoslavs, as stated in 
the previous paragraph, points in a way to their industrial 
distribution as well. We see that the coal mining and steel 
producing states* have the largest portion of Jugoslav popu- 
lation. There are no steel, smelter or similar works without 
some Jugoslav workers. They are also found in large num- 
bers in all copper-mining regions. 

It is interesting to note that practically three-fourths of 
the total Jugoslav immigrant population in the United States 
is dependent upon the metal and coal industries. 

Regarding the iron mines it is generally estimated that in 
the Iron District of Minnesota, producing most of the iron 
ore in U. S., 50 per cent of all employees are Jugoslavs. 
The United States Steel Corporation estimated that in 1918 
there were 25,000 Jugoslavs in their employ. Here again 
statistics understate the facts as in many industrial plants 
Jugoslavs are being classified as Austrians or Hungarians. 

In the coke industry a large part of the labor is under- 
taken by Jugoslavs. It is reported that 40 per cent of the 
workers in the coke ovens of Western Pennsylvania are Jugo- 
slavs. 

The Jugoslavs are prominent in the zinc mines of Illinois, 
but more so in copper mining districts, as in the Calumet region 
of Michigan, in Montana and in Arizona. On account of the 
present utterly demoralized conditions in this industry they 

19 



have been scattered, and are no longer to be found in these 
centers as heretofore. 

Thej are employed in large numbers in stockyards, espe- 
cially in Chicago, Kansas City and Omaha. 

In the lumber industry, as lumberjacks, they are found 
everywhere. However, they have a certain specialty of their 
own in this particular industry. In the Southern States there 
are few Jugoslavs, and these are either down on the sea- 
coast, at Galveston, New ^^ Orleans, Mobile, or in the interior 
of the Southern States. Those in the interior are employed 
in the lumber industi-y, particularly in the production of 
"French claret staves." These staves are manufactured ex- 
clusively by the Jugoslavs, and are exported to European 
countries, mostly to France. They are made by hand and 
in the same manner as in the old country. This industry 
began in 1895. 

As a skilled worker, the Slovene mechanics are exten- 
sively useful particularly in the automobile industry. Prof. 
Pupin said at the Peace Conference that "the work of 
skilled Slovene mechanics in the factories of Detroit, Toledo, 
Cleveland, and Pittsl)urgh contributed towards the winning 
of the war just as much as an army of 25,000 fully equipped 
soldiers." 

The majority of the Slovenes in New York are employed in 
manufacturing hats. They are highly appreciated skilled 
workers since they have already learned the trade in their 
home country. Great is the number of Slovene girls employed 
in this industry as skilled workers and foreladies. 

The Jugoslav Section of the Foreign Language Informa- 
tion Service made a survey of the occupations in which Jugo- 
slavs are engaged. These statistics cover twenty-nine states and 
show that Jugoslavs are engaged in a large variety of occupa- 
tions. 



20 



Occupations of the Jugoslavs in the U. S. A. 

Steel, Iron and Zinc Mines, 

Smelters, Refiners and Works 42.0 per cent 

Coal mining 12.0 

Lumber Industry 6.5 

Stockyards 6.0 

Fruit Growing 5.0 

Chemical Works •i.O 

Railroads 4.0 

Electrical Manufacturing .... 4.0 

Farming 3.0 

Copper Mining 3.0 

Fishers 2.0 

Automobiles 2.0 

Sailors and Longshoremen... 1.5 

Business 1.0 

Oyster Industry 0.5 

Professions and other activities 3.5 

ORGANIZATIONS. 

The main organizations of the Jugoslavs in the United 
States are the fraternal benevolent societies. These societies 
were first established in San Francisco and New Orleans. 
The leading national organizations of this kind are as follows: 

Branches Members 

National Croatian Society, Pittsburgh 417 52,000 

Croatian League of Illinois, Chicago 153 11,000 

Croatian League of the Pacific, San 

Francisco 23 2,500 

Youth National Croatian Society, Whiting 10 1,200 

Croatian Brotherhood of Montana, Great 

Falls 5 600 

St. Joseph's Benevolent Society, Kansas 

City 5 2,400 

Slovene National Benefit Society, Chicago. . 524 35,000 

Slovene Progressive Benefit Union, Chicago 159 5,000 

21 



Grand Camiolian Slovenian Catholic Union 

Joliet 134 18,000 

South Slavonic Catholic Union, Ely 104? 11,000 

Western Slavonic Association, Denver 23 3,000 

Slovenian Croatian Union, Calumet 25 2,000 

Slovenian Mutual Benefit Association, Cleve- 
land 18 2,400 

Holy Family Society, Joliet 13 1,000 

South Slavic Benevolent Union "Sloga," 

Milwaukee . 9 1,600 

Serbian Society Srbobran-Sloga, Pittsburgh 107 7,000 

Loyal Serb Society "Srbadija," New York 87 5,000 

Serb Federation "Sloboda," Pittsburgh 10 2,500 

It goes without saying that Jugoslavs have also social, 
cultural and political organizations including a nationally 
organized singing society. 



22 



PRESS. 

The enclosed photographs of the Serb, Croat and Slovene 
newspapers in the United States offer some idea of the ex- 
tent of the Jugoslav press in America. 



i 

THE AMERICAN SRBOBRAN 



CPnCKH IMCHHK 

S.-rbian HL-rald 



ScmAhL ;<i; i'-i 



CMP)KAJ f 

CPnCHM flHEBHMH ^^E;" - 

SERBIAN DAILY - 'L 






' " "''''■' "■'*'^ 



MDIil Bi!&®i!ftllil[l[ EDPlii 






cpncM,,CTPm 

SRPSK.^ STRAZ.4. 



yjEAMHiEHO CPnCTBb 



T Kb Kiox 





SERB NEWSPAPERS 
23 




v/ 

There are 16 Croatian, 12 Slovene and 8 Serbian news- 
papers which are published in New York, Pittsburgh, Cleve- 
land, Chicago, Milwaukee, Calumet, Mich., San Francisco, 
Los Angeles, Jolict, 111., and Galveston, Tex. Of these there 

^ ' -^ II - 

M 
f^.=n JUGOSLOVENSKl ^-i, \ t^_ 

W"^ SVIJTET '"' ^^ ' ^ '"^ 

' iVlJESNIK,! • 

i-^ (JLASNIKJSTINF ^/^ " ^ '^ ' '^ 

; L_'i^^J,S^ -W^ NAROEM'tisf'" -"'^^' ' 

■■' "■"••"■■■"""""■5ESP0SLENE 

^ Z N A N J E c\ ; V>''\7rr I ^- ^^^ \ 

: -.- ' — --- — '—^— HKvfci^^ ^ mmmmimmm ■ ^ 

JEDINS^vn ": "^;^- - : 

Mwrva ■ oslovenski Glasnik 

SVEZA -^^ ^-" -^ --^ 

HRMTSKI GLASNiK -^1* ^ 

CBOAriAN HKHAI.D 

"HRVATSKA'i 

UL iwm\' III IIIL .--/."V/.VMN CKO)IU.\ CSIO?t' 

CKOAT NEWSPAPEES 
24 



are 7 dailies, 1 tri-weekly, 1 semi- weekly, 19 weeklies, 3 semi- 
monthlies and 7 monthlies. Of the daily papers four are 
publisiicd in New York, one in Pittsburgh, one in Cleveland, 
and one in Chicago. Their circulation is national. ^ 



GLAS NARODA 






SLOVENIJAi^ ' 



r^-^' 



ENAKOPRAVNOST 




> 



^ClALISTIdNA ZARJA ^ ^. 



l5> 



S^^SVOBODE 






• 



.^ 



craivoft'T 



.!>vi-;\m: 



A^a(A#DOIMOVINA 



SLOVENE NEWSPAPERS 

'^5 



Churches, Schools and Orphanages. 

As a result of diverse political and religious influences, 
the Jugoslavs are divided into three chief religious sects, 
the Roman Catholic, the Greek-Orthodox and the Mahometan, 
the Croats and Slovenes belong as a rule to the first with a 
certain percentage of Greek Catholics among the Croats. 
The Serbs are as a rule of Greek Orthodox religion. 

The same religious divisions exist among the Jugoslavs 
in America, although the Mahometans are few and have no 
congregations. 

There are in the United States 38 Slovene Catholic 
parishes, 26 Croat Catholic and 2 Greek-Orthodox parishes, 
and 23 Serb Greek-Orthodox parishes. These are located in 
the large Jugoslav centers. 

Schools are maintained in connection with the churches, 
instruction generally being given by the nuns. In the United 
States the Jugoslavs support 26 schools — 14 Slovene and 12 
Croat, the language of instruction being English. 

The Croatian Orphanage of America is an organization 
supported by two of the largest Croatian fraternal socie- 
ties. This institution is at present collecting funds to erect 
an orphanage building at Des Plaines, 111., toward which 
e.ich nicmbcr of the National Croatian Society and Croatian 
League of Illinois contributes five cents monthly. — 

THE JUGOSLAV AS AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. 

The number of Jugoslavs that liave become American 
citizens can only be approximated. According to an estimate 
of the U. S. Immigration Commission made in 1910, about 
one third of the immigrated Jugoslavs were naturalized or 
were holding first papers ; since then, the proportion has 
become larger. Private estimates put it now at 65 per cent. 

During the war, the number of Jugoslavs in the Amer- 
ican Army was noteworthy. Among the 78 winners of the 
Congressional Medal, there were two Jugoslavs: Jake Alex 
and James I. Mestrovich. Several tliousands enlisted in tlie 
Jugoslav volunteer Army and went to the Salonika front. 

26 



The amount subscribed by Jugoslavs for the five Liberty 
Loans, has been estimated by the Foreign Language Division 
of the War Loan Organization of the JJ. S. Treasury De- 
partment to be $50,000,000.00. The donations to the Amer- 
ican Red Cross were also substantial, the largest Croat 
benevolent organization alone donating $20,000. The num- 
ber of Jugoslav members of the Red Cross in the year 19i^0 
was estimated to be 100,000. , 

BUSINESS AND TRADE. ^ 

Jugoslav thrift is witnessed to by the number of banks 
wholly or partly owned, managed and supported by Jugo- 
slavs. Among them may be named the Frank Sakser State 
Bank, the Slavonic Immigrant Bank and the Agency of the 
Bank of Jugoslavia, all of New York, the North American 
Trust and Savings Bank of Cleveland, the First State Bank 
of Ely, Minn., and Grover's National Bank of San Jose, 
Cal. While in Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago and elsewhere 
Jugoslav Building and Loan Associations are assisting our 
immigrants to own their homes. 

Several Jugoslav consumers' societies have co-operated 
successful! v in establishing direct connection between ])ro- 
ducer and consumer. 

Li addition to the occupations of fruitgrowing and fishing 
(which will receive separate mention) the Jugoslav on the west- 
ern coast is nbtablv successful in the restaurant business. Three 
hundred and twenty-five irtestaurants in San Francisco ,and 
three hundred in Southern California are owned by Jugoslavs. 

Fruit-GroK'i7ig. 
The part the Jugoslavs have played in making Cali- 
fornia a great orchard state is not to be ignored. In rais- 
ing the young trees, the very foundation of the fruit grow- 
ing industry the Jugoslavs have been most successful. Many 
years ago, before many of our finest orchards Avere planted, 
a little colony of Jugoslavs settled near Watsonville in the 
beautiful Pajaro Valley. They planted apple-trees and now 
the apples from this valley are unsurpassed. 

27 



Shortly after the Jugoslavs had settled near Watson- 
ville others from their country took up the old Spanish land 
grants in the Santa Clara Valley. Here they planted many 
fruit trees but chiefly prunes and apricots. These delicious 
fruits dried are now widely known and marketed as Santa 
Clara prunes and apricots. 

Farther north near Fresno the Jugoslavs, coming in in- 
creasing numbers, interested themselves in the raisin and grape 
industries. In the Sonora and Sacramento Valley pears are 
their specialty. 

The value of any race to any country depends directly 
on what the race can produce. There can be no finer or bet- 
ter manner of producing than that of turning a barren 
plot into a bearing orchard. The orchards of California 
testify to the industry and patience of the Jugoslavs. 

Fishers and Sailors. 

Jugoslavs from the Littoral have always been known 
throughout the commercial world as marines, sailors and 
shipbuilders. First among the Jugoslav immigrants to Amer- 
ica, they settled along the Atlantic Coast and later on the 
Pacific where they followed their ancient customs in all in- 
dustries pertaining to the sea. 

INIany of them continued' to follow the sea. No Amer- 
ican "clipper" — the most famous type of sailing ship in 
the world — sailed the high seas without Jugoslavs among 
its crew. The old Brooklyn streets adjoining East River even 
now harbor some of the aged sea-wolves who were born along 
the Adriatic. 

Later when the sailing ships gradually disappeared, most 
of the Jugoslav mariners stayed ashore and engaged in long- 
shoremen trades. There are now several thousand Jugoslavs 
employed along the Hudson and East Rivers of New York, 
a great many of them composing the crews of tug boats, 
large scows and ships used in harbor works. 

All the principal shipbuilding yards on the Atlantic 
employ thousands of Jugoslavs and hundreds more are en- 

28 



gaged in the yards of the Pacific coast particularly of 
Oakland, Cal., and of Puget Sound. Jugoslavs were also 
among the first makers of ship masts in the pine forests of 
Oregon. 

Early immigrants from the Dalmatian Islands settled 
on the Pacific Coast and developed the fishing industry. In 
the north the salmon fisheries of the Columbia River and 
nearby bays and in the south the tuna fisheries of San Pedro 
and San Diego, Cal., offered opportunities soon realized by 
Adriatic fishermen. They have been successful not only in 
the securing but in the canning and marketing of sea-food. 

The oyster industry of the south especially on the Mis- 
sissippi delta was largely developed and is still operated by 
Jugoslavs. The towns of Olga and Empire, Louisiana, which 
are the centers of that industry are almost entirely inhabited 
by Jugoslav oystermen and their families. 

SOME PROMINENT JUGOSLAVS IN AMERICA. 

Among the Jugoslavs who liave made splendid con- 
tributions to the intellectual and industrial development of 
the United States may be mentioned the following: 

MICHAEL PUPIN, Professor at Columbia University 
and member of the National Academy of Sciences. For his 
well-known inventions in long distance telephony, wireless 
telegraphy, etc., he received: The Herbert prize of the French 
Academy, the Carson Gold Medal of the Franklin Institute, 
The Social Science Associations' Gold Medal, The Edison 
Gold Medal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 

NIKOLA TESLA, the inventor of the polyphase induc- 
tion motor which is one of the epoch-making devices in the 
art of electrical engineering. This invention was acquired 
and developed by the Westinghouse Electrical Company 
and' is in general use all over the world. 

HENRY SUZALLO, President of the University of 
Washington, Seattle Wash. One of the foremost educators 
in this country. 

29 



CAPTAIN ANTHONY F. LUCAS, a native of Istria, 
who was the first to strike oil in Texas and who may be con- 
sidered the father of the oil industry in Texas. He is one 
of the biggest authorities on oil in this country. 

REV. F. JAGER, Professor of the University of 
Minnesota, one of the foremost authorities on bee culture in 
the United States. Bee culture stands higher in Slovenia 
than in any other part of the world, and this distinguished 
Slovene is transplanting this great art from his native land 
to the United States. 

VASO CHUKOVICH, pioneer miner of the Northwest 
;.\nd particularly of Colorado, who is now one of the fore- 
most citizens of Denver, Colo. 

VICTOR G. VECKI, of San Francisco, a well-known 
physician and authority on patholog}^ and author of many 
books on this subject. 



The type of Jugoslav immigrant indicates that he be- 
longs to a young and vigorous race. He is tall of stature 
and usually of dark complexion. He is a hard and indus- 
trious worker and a stubborn fighter as shown in the World 
War. To his success as a farmer may be added his no small 
contribution to the intellectual and technical advancement of 
the United States. He should be welcome to this country as 
a valuable prospective citizen. 



30 



The Finest Fruits 
in all the world 

SUNSWEET 
Prunes »»* Apricots 



Grown in the wonderful orchards oi^California by 

men of our own blood- California h: iDeen good 

to Jugoslavs. There on the sun^swe ^t slopes of 

her foothills our countrymen have found a new 

home and prosperity. As members of the 

California Prune and Apricot Growers 

Association they grow and sell this, the 

most famous brand of fruit that 

comes from the golden state. 



Whenever you order 
Prunes or Apricots 
. ask for 

SUNSWEET 



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